95This section shows that all possible combinations were found in the films, one of them in both films (bald on disc and negative politeness), a few examples only in the British English film (combinations of negative and positive politeness and baldness on disc, negative and positive politeness) and the remaining combination of baldness on disc and positive courtesy in the Spanish film of Penlins. 88Selon Brown – Levinson [1987], positive and negative politeness is mutually exclusive. This has been refuted by a series of studies. This research is also a counter-argument to the assertion. 93 Example 5 was analyzed in the sections devoted to negative courtesy, namely highlighting the protection strategy and positive courtesy in which it was presented as a strategy to strengthen H`s interest in the expression. In addition, example (40) shows a positive courtesy strategy on the part of group markers and suggests the compliance strategy. In (89), two positive courtesy strategies are used, those that aspire to an agreement, and group brands (ellipses), as well as the minimization strategy that marks this expression as negative polished. This paper aims to analyze the phenomenon of courtesy in British English and Penincular Spanish in the first interviews of encounters between foreigners, taking into account power and distance, where relevant. I have tried to highlight the differences between two cultures, because Spaniards are seen as more direct, while the British seem deeply concerned about non-taxation. The analysis data were extracted from films: Love Actually (British English) and Va a ser que nadie`s perfecto (Peninsular Spanish), analyzed from the frame of Brown and Levinson.
The results supported my assumptions that most of the strategies used by spaniards were positive politeness, while the British have negative courtesy strategies. However, the number of positive examples of courtesy found in Anglo-English conversations and negative courtesy strategies, as well as numerous cases of baldness on the disc technique (allegedly inappropriate and almost absent) used by Spaniards, have revealed new trends in the use of courtesy in the Spanish and British cultures of the peninsula. A negative trading area can be overcome by “cake enlargement.” In integration negotiations, when it comes to a large number of issues and interests, parties who associate interests with value creation enter into a much more rewarding agreement. Behind each position, there are generally more common interests than opposing interests. [4] 60A other basic positive courtesy technique, namely jokes, seems to be widely used in British English, as H feels more relaxed, especially in situations where he is nervous. Confidence in the WTO`s ability to negotiate rules, settle disputes and manage trade agreements would be restored by early results. Some gains need to be put on the board. 49 Positive courtesy consists of a series of techniques directed towards the recipient`s positive face, i.e. a wish that the actions, values of the recipient be desirable and approved. Positive courtesy action is communicated by S`s indication that his wishes are similar to those of H. 6.
Other evidence supporting this general view can be found in Hickeys and Stewarts [2005] Research on courtesy in 22 European countries. It is said that the British in a written speech (Spanish course) techniques of politeness as negative as protection (perhaps the modal), deticing anchoring (z.B. Use of the past as I wondered…), unconventional indirectitude and off-recording strategies [Ballesteros Martin 2001: 122-125]. In addition, analysis of a gift situation in Spain shows that Spaniards tend to replace “thank you” with admiration, personal enthusiasm, praise from others [Ballesteros Martin 2001: 325].